Chapter 19-4 Guided Reading

1) What were Wilson's 14 points?
1. There should be no secret treaties among nations.
2. Freedom of the seas should be maintained for all.
3. Tariffs and other economic barriers among nations should be lowered or abolished in order to foster free trade.
4. Arms should be reduced "to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety, thus lessening the possibility of military responses" during diplomatic crises.
5. Colonial policies should consider the interests of the colonial peoples as well as the interests of the imperialist powers.
6.-13. Dealt with boundary changes.
14. Called for the creation of an international organization to address diplomatic crises like the one that sparked the war. The creation of the League of Nations ensued.

What terms of the Treaty of Versailles specifically affected Germany?
Germany was forbidden from maintaining an army, as well as requiring it to return to region of Alsace-Lorraine to France, and to pay $33 billion in reparations to the allies.

16) The weaknesses of the treaty were: 1) Its treatment of Germany would not allow for a long peace in Europe, by humiliating it. Germany could not pay the huge reparation fee and the possibility of this being able to happen was made even less likely by its stripping of its colonies in the Pacific. Furthermore, it was not the only nation that caused the war, though its militarism payed a large role in causing it, so it was humiliated by the treaty and given blame disproportionate to its crime. Russia was also not allowed t0 negotiate in the treaty, so it lost even more territory than Germany and had suffered higher casualty rates. This made Russia determined to regain its territory. Finally, it ignored the claims of colonized people for self-government.

17) Henry Cabbot Lodge objected to the treaty because he was suspicious of of the provision for joint economic and military action against aggression, even though it was voluntary. He wanted the right of Congress to declare war included in the treaty.

18) Wilson helped bring about the Senate's rejection of the treaty because he refused to compromise.

19) The circumstances at this time that lead many Germans to support Hitler were the desire for vengeance after they were dishonored and stripped of many privileges in the Treaty of Versailles.