1. Industry: Basic industries which had been important such as railroads, textiles and steel had barely made a profit with the advancements in technology and the superficial prosperity of the time. Railroads lost business to trucks, busses and private automobiles (all new kinds of transportation). The businesses which had grown exponentially during World War I such as mining and lumbering weren't in high demand anymore. Coal had competition from new power sources such as hydroelectric power, fuel oil and natural gas. Popular industries of the '20s were in decline as well, such as automobiles, construction and consumer goods. Housing starts were in decline, which was als a big problem, because many jobs in related industries bagan to fall as well.
2. Agriculture: During World War I, prices rose and international demand for crops like wheat and corn increased from war-ravaged countries. Farmers planted more than ever and took out more loans because they needed money for seeds and farming equipment. Demand fell after the war greatly, and crop prices declined by 40% and more. Farmers, however, continued to grow more crops than ever because in the past few years they had gotten more money that ever from doing that, which depressed prices further when the extra crops weren't needed. The annual farm income fell from $10 billion to $4 billion, and farmers who had taken loans had a hard time repaying their debts. many farms were foreclosed and property was taken in payment for the debts. Many rural banks began to fail as farmers couldn't pay their loans. The McNary-Haugen Bill was introduced by congress, which called for federal price supports for key crops such as wheat, toobacco, corn, and cotton, and the government would buy surplus crops at a guaranteed price. but President Coolidge vetoed the bill twice.
3. Consumer spending: As the incomes as farmers fell, they couldn't buy as many goods and services, and by the end of the 1920s, many Americans weren't buying nearly as much due to rising prices, stagnant wages, and overbuying on credit in the preceding years.
4. Stock market: Many people who could afford to invested in the stock market. Stock prices rose steadily throughout the '20s, and the Dow Jones Industrial Average had reached ahigh of 381 points, which was 300 points higher than it was 5 years earlier. Many Americans rushed to invest in stocks and bonds in the "bull market", or time of rising stock prices, and by 1929 about 4 million Americans owned stocks. However, people were engaging speculation, which was when people bought stocks and bonds on the chance of a quick profit while ignoring the risks, and many began buying on margin, which was paying a small percentage of a stock's price as a down payment and borrowing the rest. the amrker went upward with the uninhibited purchasing by buyers, and the government did little to discourage this or regulate the market, but if the prices of stocks declined, then then people had no way to pay off their loan if they bought on margin.
Wednesday, November 28, 2007
Monday, November 5, 2007
Chapter 19-4 Guided Reading
1) What were Wilson's 14 points?
1. There should be no secret treaties among nations.
2. Freedom of the seas should be maintained for all.
3. Tariffs and other economic barriers among nations should be lowered or abolished in order to foster free trade.
4. Arms should be reduced "to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety, thus lessening the possibility of military responses" during diplomatic crises.
5. Colonial policies should consider the interests of the colonial peoples as well as the interests of the imperialist powers.
6.-13. Dealt with boundary changes.
14. Called for the creation of an international organization to address diplomatic crises like the one that sparked the war. The creation of the League of Nations ensued.
What terms of the Treaty of Versailles specifically affected Germany?
Germany was forbidden from maintaining an army, as well as requiring it to return to region of Alsace-Lorraine to France, and to pay $33 billion in reparations to the allies.
16) The weaknesses of the treaty were: 1) Its treatment of Germany would not allow for a long peace in Europe, by humiliating it. Germany could not pay the huge reparation fee and the possibility of this being able to happen was made even less likely by its stripping of its colonies in the Pacific. Furthermore, it was not the only nation that caused the war, though its militarism payed a large role in causing it, so it was humiliated by the treaty and given blame disproportionate to its crime. Russia was also not allowed t0 negotiate in the treaty, so it lost even more territory than Germany and had suffered higher casualty rates. This made Russia determined to regain its territory. Finally, it ignored the claims of colonized people for self-government.
17) Henry Cabbot Lodge objected to the treaty because he was suspicious of of the provision for joint economic and military action against aggression, even though it was voluntary. He wanted the right of Congress to declare war included in the treaty.
18) Wilson helped bring about the Senate's rejection of the treaty because he refused to compromise.
19) The circumstances at this time that lead many Germans to support Hitler were the desire for vengeance after they were dishonored and stripped of many privileges in the Treaty of Versailles.
1. There should be no secret treaties among nations.
2. Freedom of the seas should be maintained for all.
3. Tariffs and other economic barriers among nations should be lowered or abolished in order to foster free trade.
4. Arms should be reduced "to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety, thus lessening the possibility of military responses" during diplomatic crises.
5. Colonial policies should consider the interests of the colonial peoples as well as the interests of the imperialist powers.
6.-13. Dealt with boundary changes.
14. Called for the creation of an international organization to address diplomatic crises like the one that sparked the war. The creation of the League of Nations ensued.
What terms of the Treaty of Versailles specifically affected Germany?
Germany was forbidden from maintaining an army, as well as requiring it to return to region of Alsace-Lorraine to France, and to pay $33 billion in reparations to the allies.
16) The weaknesses of the treaty were: 1) Its treatment of Germany would not allow for a long peace in Europe, by humiliating it. Germany could not pay the huge reparation fee and the possibility of this being able to happen was made even less likely by its stripping of its colonies in the Pacific. Furthermore, it was not the only nation that caused the war, though its militarism payed a large role in causing it, so it was humiliated by the treaty and given blame disproportionate to its crime. Russia was also not allowed t0 negotiate in the treaty, so it lost even more territory than Germany and had suffered higher casualty rates. This made Russia determined to regain its territory. Finally, it ignored the claims of colonized people for self-government.
17) Henry Cabbot Lodge objected to the treaty because he was suspicious of of the provision for joint economic and military action against aggression, even though it was voluntary. He wanted the right of Congress to declare war included in the treaty.
18) Wilson helped bring about the Senate's rejection of the treaty because he refused to compromise.
19) The circumstances at this time that lead many Germans to support Hitler were the desire for vengeance after they were dishonored and stripped of many privileges in the Treaty of Versailles.
Chapter 19-3 Guided Reading
What were some things accomplished by the following wartime agencies and laws?
1) War industries board: It encouraged companies to use mass-production techniques, and eliminate waste by standardizing products. It set production quotas and allocated raw materials. Industrial production in the u.S. increased by 20%. However, price controls were only applied at a wholesale level. Retail prices skyrocketed, to double what they were before the war, as well as the increase in corporate profits.
2) Railroad Administration: Controlled railroads.
3) Fuel Administration: Monitored coal supplies, rationed gasoline and heating oil, and introduced daylight-saving time to take advantage of longer summer days.
4) National War Labor Boards: Started by President Wilson to deal with disputes between management and labor. Workers who did not obey board decisions could lose their draft exemptions. It also worked to improve factory conditions, pushing for an 8-hour workday, promoted safety inspections and enforced the child labor ban.
5) Food Administration: Set up by Wilson to help produce and conserve food under the administration of Herbert Hoover. instead of rationing, he encouraged people to follow the 'gospel of the clean plate". One day a week was meatless, another sweetless, two days wheatless and two others porkless. Homeowners planted victory gardens. These and similar efforts resulted in the tripling of American food shipments to the Allies. Farmers put an additional 40 million acres of land into use and increased their income by about 30%. Hoover set a high govt. price on wheat.
6) Committee on Public Information: The nation's first propaganda agency, set up to popularize the war.Thousands of drawings, paintings and sculptures were made promoting the war. 75,000 men were recruited to spoke about everything relating to the war, called "Four-Minute men". It made 25 million copies of "How the War Came to America", and distributed 75 million pamphlets, booklets, and leaflets.
7) Espionage and Sedition Acts: Passed by Congress, said that a person could be fined with up to $10,000 and sentenced to 20 years in jail for interfering with the war effort or saying anything disloyal about the govt. or war effort.These lead to over 2,000 prosecutions, over half of which resulted in conviction. The Acts were an excuse to suppress everything that the govt. didn't want to hear, and a violation of the 1st Amendment rights.
What changes did the war bring about for the following groups of Americans?
8)Immigrants: Immigrants from German and Americans of German descent faced discrimination. Many lost their Jobs, and orchestras refused to play works by German composers such as Mozart and Bach and Beethoven. Schools stopped teaching German, towns with German names changed them, and books by German authors were removed from libraries.Some Germans were flogged, tarred and feathered, and even lynched.
9) African Americans: Accelerated the Great migration, the movement of hundreds of thousands of Southern blacks to Northern cities. This was spurred by black Newspaper reports comparing the success of Northern blacks to they lynchings of the South, as well as the recruiting agents sent from the North to distribute free railroad passes. The drop in European immigration gave jobs in Northern factories to blacks.
10) Women: Stepped into jobs previously held by men only. Became railroad workers, cooks, dockworkers and bricklayers. Many women also continued to fill more traditional jobs such as nurses, clerks, and teachers. others were active in peace movements, such as Jane Addams. It caused more support for woman suffrage, and in 1919, Congress passed the 19th Amendment, which gave women the right to vote.
1) War industries board: It encouraged companies to use mass-production techniques, and eliminate waste by standardizing products. It set production quotas and allocated raw materials. Industrial production in the u.S. increased by 20%. However, price controls were only applied at a wholesale level. Retail prices skyrocketed, to double what they were before the war, as well as the increase in corporate profits.
2) Railroad Administration: Controlled railroads.
3) Fuel Administration: Monitored coal supplies, rationed gasoline and heating oil, and introduced daylight-saving time to take advantage of longer summer days.
4) National War Labor Boards: Started by President Wilson to deal with disputes between management and labor. Workers who did not obey board decisions could lose their draft exemptions. It also worked to improve factory conditions, pushing for an 8-hour workday, promoted safety inspections and enforced the child labor ban.
5) Food Administration: Set up by Wilson to help produce and conserve food under the administration of Herbert Hoover. instead of rationing, he encouraged people to follow the 'gospel of the clean plate". One day a week was meatless, another sweetless, two days wheatless and two others porkless. Homeowners planted victory gardens. These and similar efforts resulted in the tripling of American food shipments to the Allies. Farmers put an additional 40 million acres of land into use and increased their income by about 30%. Hoover set a high govt. price on wheat.
6) Committee on Public Information: The nation's first propaganda agency, set up to popularize the war.Thousands of drawings, paintings and sculptures were made promoting the war. 75,000 men were recruited to spoke about everything relating to the war, called "Four-Minute men". It made 25 million copies of "How the War Came to America", and distributed 75 million pamphlets, booklets, and leaflets.
7) Espionage and Sedition Acts: Passed by Congress, said that a person could be fined with up to $10,000 and sentenced to 20 years in jail for interfering with the war effort or saying anything disloyal about the govt. or war effort.These lead to over 2,000 prosecutions, over half of which resulted in conviction. The Acts were an excuse to suppress everything that the govt. didn't want to hear, and a violation of the 1st Amendment rights.
What changes did the war bring about for the following groups of Americans?
8)Immigrants: Immigrants from German and Americans of German descent faced discrimination. Many lost their Jobs, and orchestras refused to play works by German composers such as Mozart and Bach and Beethoven. Schools stopped teaching German, towns with German names changed them, and books by German authors were removed from libraries.Some Germans were flogged, tarred and feathered, and even lynched.
9) African Americans: Accelerated the Great migration, the movement of hundreds of thousands of Southern blacks to Northern cities. This was spurred by black Newspaper reports comparing the success of Northern blacks to they lynchings of the South, as well as the recruiting agents sent from the North to distribute free railroad passes. The drop in European immigration gave jobs in Northern factories to blacks.
10) Women: Stepped into jobs previously held by men only. Became railroad workers, cooks, dockworkers and bricklayers. Many women also continued to fill more traditional jobs such as nurses, clerks, and teachers. others were active in peace movements, such as Jane Addams. It caused more support for woman suffrage, and in 1919, Congress passed the 19th Amendment, which gave women the right to vote.
Chapter 19 Section 2 Guided Reading Questions
1) How did the United States raise an Army? When the U.S. joined the war, there were only 200,000 men enlisted in the armed forces, and so in order to build a large enough army to take on Europe, Congress passed the Selective Service Act, which required men to register with the government in order to be randomly selected for military service, in 1917. About 3 million of the 24 million who signed up were enlisted.
2) How did U.S. soldiers help to win the war? The numbers and enthusiasm of new MAerican troops exhausted the Allied forces. Many Americans were determined to hurt the germans and make an impression.It helped keep the troops together and fighting in top form.
3) How did the U.S. build its naval forces? The government took 4 steps to increase its fleet: first, it exempted many shipyard workers from the draft and delayed the participation of others. Second, the Chamber of Commerce joined in a public relations campaign to underline the importance of shipyard work, giving flags to the families of shipyard workers as it did the families of soldiers, and encouraging automobile owners to give shipyard workers rides to works since streetcars were so crowded. Third, shipyards used techniques to reduce the construction time, such as getting parts and then assembling them rather than building the whole thing there. And fourth, the govt. took over commercial and private ships for use in transatlantic war.
4) How did the U.S. Navy help win the war? The U.S. Navy helped to lay A 230 mile barrier of mines across the North Sea from Scotland to Norway, which contain the U-Boats that sailed from German ports and kept them out of the Atlantic Ocean. Germany was starting to find it difficult to replace their losses and staff their fleets with experienced men, and the number of Americans hurt by U-Boats were hurt. Only 637 of the 2 million Americans sent over were killed in U-Boat attacks.
5) What new weapons of mechanized warfare threatened those in combat?
New weapons such as refine machine guns, airplanes, tanks, barbed wire, antiaircraft guns, and poison gas killed millions of soldiers.
6) The war caused 22 million deaths, half of them civilians, 10 million refugees, and more than 200,000 Americans were wounded.
7) The estimated economic costs of the war were $338 billion.
2) How did U.S. soldiers help to win the war? The numbers and enthusiasm of new MAerican troops exhausted the Allied forces. Many Americans were determined to hurt the germans and make an impression.It helped keep the troops together and fighting in top form.
3) How did the U.S. build its naval forces? The government took 4 steps to increase its fleet: first, it exempted many shipyard workers from the draft and delayed the participation of others. Second, the Chamber of Commerce joined in a public relations campaign to underline the importance of shipyard work, giving flags to the families of shipyard workers as it did the families of soldiers, and encouraging automobile owners to give shipyard workers rides to works since streetcars were so crowded. Third, shipyards used techniques to reduce the construction time, such as getting parts and then assembling them rather than building the whole thing there. And fourth, the govt. took over commercial and private ships for use in transatlantic war.
4) How did the U.S. Navy help win the war? The U.S. Navy helped to lay A 230 mile barrier of mines across the North Sea from Scotland to Norway, which contain the U-Boats that sailed from German ports and kept them out of the Atlantic Ocean. Germany was starting to find it difficult to replace their losses and staff their fleets with experienced men, and the number of Americans hurt by U-Boats were hurt. Only 637 of the 2 million Americans sent over were killed in U-Boat attacks.
5) What new weapons of mechanized warfare threatened those in combat?
New weapons such as refine machine guns, airplanes, tanks, barbed wire, antiaircraft guns, and poison gas killed millions of soldiers.
6) The war caused 22 million deaths, half of them civilians, 10 million refugees, and more than 200,000 Americans were wounded.
7) The estimated economic costs of the war were $338 billion.
19-1 Guided Reading
How did the following help ignite the war in Europe?
1) Nationalism: Lead to competitive and antagonistic rivalries between countries. many countries in Europe, as a result of this, began to fear Germany's growing power. One of the biggest factors was the desire of Serbia to be free from Austria-Hungary, which resulted in competition between Austria-Hungary and Russia, which considered itself to be a protector of the Slavic countries.
2) Imperialism: Nations had been building for centuries huge empires, colonizing so they could have economic and political control over the rest of the world. As Germany industrialized, it competed with England and France for colonies.
3) Militarism: Each nation wanted stronger armed forces than the others in order to protect their empire. Germany was, in 1890, the strongest country in Europe. This did not bother Britain because they relied mostly upon their navy for protection, being an island. The kaiser of Germany, Wilhelm II, then decided that Germany should become a major naval power, and so it put them in competition with England to make the most and best ships.
4)Alliances: Alliances (the Allies {France, Britain, and Russia} and the Triple Alliance {Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy} were made in order to keep the balance of power, but when one country declared war on another, its allies would then declare war on that country, whose allies would then declare war on the other country, so on and so forth.
5) Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand: After Franz Ferdinand and his wife were assassinated, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, after which many nations were pulled into the conflict by alliances.
Why did the following American groups oppose U.S. participation in the war?
6) Naturalized citizens: Still had ties to the nations from which they had emigrated.
7) Socialists: Criticized the war as a capitalist an imperialist struggle between Germany and England to control markets and colonies in China, Africa, and the Middle East
8) Pacifists: Believed that war was evil and the U.S. should set an example of peace to the world.
9) Parents: Didn't wants their sons to be exposed to the horrors of warfare.
How did the following nations encourage U.S. participation in the war?
10) Britain: Britain blockaded the German coast and to prevent weapons and military supplies from getting through. Thus, American ships for Germany didn't challenge the blockade and rarely reached their destinations.
11) Germany: Britain blockaded the German coast and to prevent weapons and military supplies from getting through. Thus, American ships for Germany didn't challenge the blockade and rarely reached their destinations. America was angry at Britain for the blockade, but Germany then attacked via submarine the British liner Lusitania and 128 Americans were killed. This incident was repeated and 2 Americans drowned. Germany promised not to do this anymore, but then broke its promise, and more Americans were killed. Germany then resumed unrestricted submarine warfare. The Zimmerman note then was discovered, a telegram from the German foreign minister to the German ambassador in Mexico which proposed an alliance between Mexico ad Germany and promised that if war with the U.S. broke out, Germany would help Mexico recover lost territory such as Texas. Then 36 Americans were killed in the sinking of merchant ships by the Germans.
12) Russia: The Russian monarchy was replaced with a representative government, and so supporters of the idea of America entering the war could claim that it was a war of democracies against cruel monarchies.
1) Nationalism: Lead to competitive and antagonistic rivalries between countries. many countries in Europe, as a result of this, began to fear Germany's growing power. One of the biggest factors was the desire of Serbia to be free from Austria-Hungary, which resulted in competition between Austria-Hungary and Russia, which considered itself to be a protector of the Slavic countries.
2) Imperialism: Nations had been building for centuries huge empires, colonizing so they could have economic and political control over the rest of the world. As Germany industrialized, it competed with England and France for colonies.
3) Militarism: Each nation wanted stronger armed forces than the others in order to protect their empire. Germany was, in 1890, the strongest country in Europe. This did not bother Britain because they relied mostly upon their navy for protection, being an island. The kaiser of Germany, Wilhelm II, then decided that Germany should become a major naval power, and so it put them in competition with England to make the most and best ships.
4)Alliances: Alliances (the Allies {France, Britain, and Russia} and the Triple Alliance {Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy} were made in order to keep the balance of power, but when one country declared war on another, its allies would then declare war on that country, whose allies would then declare war on the other country, so on and so forth.
5) Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand: After Franz Ferdinand and his wife were assassinated, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, after which many nations were pulled into the conflict by alliances.
Why did the following American groups oppose U.S. participation in the war?
6) Naturalized citizens: Still had ties to the nations from which they had emigrated.
7) Socialists: Criticized the war as a capitalist an imperialist struggle between Germany and England to control markets and colonies in China, Africa, and the Middle East
8) Pacifists: Believed that war was evil and the U.S. should set an example of peace to the world.
9) Parents: Didn't wants their sons to be exposed to the horrors of warfare.
How did the following nations encourage U.S. participation in the war?
10) Britain: Britain blockaded the German coast and to prevent weapons and military supplies from getting through. Thus, American ships for Germany didn't challenge the blockade and rarely reached their destinations.
11) Germany: Britain blockaded the German coast and to prevent weapons and military supplies from getting through. Thus, American ships for Germany didn't challenge the blockade and rarely reached their destinations. America was angry at Britain for the blockade, but Germany then attacked via submarine the British liner Lusitania and 128 Americans were killed. This incident was repeated and 2 Americans drowned. Germany promised not to do this anymore, but then broke its promise, and more Americans were killed. Germany then resumed unrestricted submarine warfare. The Zimmerman note then was discovered, a telegram from the German foreign minister to the German ambassador in Mexico which proposed an alliance between Mexico ad Germany and promised that if war with the U.S. broke out, Germany would help Mexico recover lost territory such as Texas. Then 36 Americans were killed in the sinking of merchant ships by the Germans.
12) Russia: The Russian monarchy was replaced with a representative government, and so supporters of the idea of America entering the war could claim that it was a war of democracies against cruel monarchies.
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